Basic Processes

Parliament me Act kaise banta hai

Normally koi bill pehle ek house(either Lok Sabha or Rajya sabha) se pass hota hai or fir dusre house se or finally jab usko President ki assent mil jati hai wo act ban jata hai. Yehi same procedure state me bhi lagu hota hai.

Majority

Koi bill kisi house se pass ho gaya hai uska ye matlab hota hai ki house members ki majority ne use paas kar diya hai or ye majorities kai tarah ki hoti hai.

Absolute majority - Absolute majority hogi total members ki majority. Lok sabha ki total membership hai 545 jis hisab se absolute majority hogi 273. Ye majority Government banane ke kaam aati hai.
Simple Majority - Ye majority hoti hai present and voting members ki majority, yani utne members jo present the or jinhone vote bhi diya (Kisi din lok sabha me sirf 200 members hi aaye jinhone vote diya toh simple majority hogi 101). Parliament me jyadatar kaam ya jydatar laws isi majority se banaye jate hai.
Effective Majority - Us samay jitne bhi members hai unki majority. For example (Lok sabha ki 545 seats me se 45 vacant reh gayi to effective majority hogi 251 kyunki us samay total members hai 500). Iska use Vice president ya speaker etc ke removal me hota hai.
Special Majority- Special majority kai tarah ki ho sakti hai.

a. ⅔ of present and voting - Iska use hota hai jab Parliament ko kisi state ke kaam me interfere karna ho. State apne kaam karne ke liye free hota hai, par agar upper house of parliament yani Rajya sabha me present and voted members me se ⅔ aisa paas kar deta hai to parliament state ke kisi kaam ke liye laws bana sakta hai.

b. ⅔ of present and voting and Absolute majority - Is majority ke liye dono condition puri honi chahiye. ⅔ of present and voting bhi hona chahiye or absolute majority bhi honi chahiye. Iska use constitution ke un amendments me hota hai jisse state par koi asar na pade. Jaise agar constitution me fundamental rights ko amend karna ho toh ye majority lagegi. Aur bhi jagah ye majority use hoti jo aage discuss kiye jayenge.

Confusion - Is majority ko lekar aksar confusion dekha gaya hai jise example se samjha ja sakta hai. Imagine Lok sabha me kisi din 500 members aaye or 300 ne yes me vote diya or 200 ne no me. Lok sabha ki absolute majority hai 273 aur jo fulfill ho gayi par ⅔ of 500 hoga 330 jo fulfil nahi ho payi.

Isi tarah kisi din Lok Sabha me 300 members aaye jisme se 200 members ne yes me vote diya or 100 ne no me. Is hisab se ⅔ majority to fulfill ho gayi kyunki 300 ka ⅔ hoga 198 par absolute majority fulfill nahi ho payi jo ki 273 hai.

c. ⅔ of present and voting and absolute majority and ratification by half or more than half states - ⅔ of present and voting and absolute majority jo hamne previous point me dekhi or half ya usse jyada states dwara normal majority se ratification. Ye majority constitution ke un amendments me use hoti hai jisse state par effect padta hai. Jaise Article 54- President ka election. President ke election me parliament ke members or State ke MLAs bhi participate karte hai. Ab kyunki yahan MLAs state se concerned hai isliye yahan change karne ke liye 1/2states ki permission chahiye hogi. Readers ko ye guess nahi karna hai ki kahan kahan is majority ki requirement ho sakti hai. Constitution me khud wo provisions mention kiye gaye hai jahan is majority ki zarurat padegi, jo hum aage ke lectures me dekhenge.

d.⅔ of total membership - Kisi house ki total membership ki ⅔ ya usse jyada majority. Constitution me ye sabse difficult majority hai jise sirf President ko remove karne ke liye use kiya jata hai. Lok sabha ke liye ye majority hogi 360.